<b>HRAC Group 2</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy B) </font> resistant Rapistrum rugosum from Iran

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 2 (LEGACY B) RESISTANT TURNIPWEED
(Rapistrum rugosum)

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Iran, Golestan

INTRODUCTION		TURNIPWEED
Turnipweed (Rapistrum rugosum) is a dicot weed in the Brassicaceae family. In Iran this weed first evolved resistance to Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides in 2010 and infests Winter wheat. Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to bispyribac-sodium, florasulam, flucarbazone-Na, and tribenuron-methyl and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Mar 11, 2016 )
Common Name	Turnipweed
Species	Rapistrum rugosum
Group	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Herbicides	bispyribac-sodium, florasulam, flucarbazone-Na, and tribenuron-methyl
Location	Iran, Golestan
Year	2010
Situation(s)	Winter wheat
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Javid Gherekhloo
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

MECHANISM

Javid Gherekhloo

Multiple Mechanisms Increase Levels of Resistance in Rapistrum rugosum to ALS Herbicides

Zahra M. Hatami¹, Javid Gherekhloo¹, Antonia M. Rojano-Delgado², Maria D. Osuna³, Ricardo Alcántara², Pablo Fernández², Hamid R. Sadeghipour⁴ and Rafael De Prado²

*1 Department of Agronomy, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran, 2 Department ofAgricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain, 3 Agrarian Research Center “Finca LaOrden” Valdesequera, Badajoz, Spain, 4 Department of Biology, Golestan University, Golestan, Iran

Rapistrum rugosum (turnip weed) is a common weed of wheat fields in Iran, which is most often controlled by tribenuron-methyl (TM), a sulfonylurea (SU) belonging to the acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides group. Several cases of unexplained control failure of R. rugosum by TM have been seen, especially in Golestan provinceIran. Hence, there is lack of research in evaluation of the level of resistance of the R. rugosum populations to TM, using whole plant dose-response and enzyme assays, then investigating some potential resistance mechanisms Results revealed that the resistance factor (RF) for resistant (R) populations was 2.5–6.6 fold higher than susceptible (S) plant. Neither foliar retention, nor ¹⁴C-TM absorption and translocation were the mechanisms responsible for resistance in turnip weed. Metabolism of TM was the second resistant mechanism in two populations (Ag-R5 and G-1), in which three metabolites were found. The concentration of TM for 50% inhibition of ALS enzyme activity in vitro showed a high level of resistance to the herbicide (RFs were from 28 to 38) and cross-resistance to sulfonyl-aminocarbonyl-triazolinone (SCT), pyrimidinyl-thiobenzoate (PTB) and triazolopyrimidine (TP), with no cross-resistance to imidazolinone (IMI). Substitution Pro 197 to Ser 197 provided resistance to four of five ALS-inhibiting herbicides including SU, TP, PTB, and SCT with no resistance to IMI. These results documented the first case of R. rugosum resistant population worldwide and demonstrated that both RST and NRST mechanisms are involved to the resistance level to TM.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, and Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Turnipweed biotype with this Turnipweed biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 2 resistant Turnipweed have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 2 (Legacy B) resistant Turnipweed from Iran please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

JAVID GHEREKHLOO

Associate Professor Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Agronomy Department Gorgan, 49189-43464, Golestan Iran Email Javid Gherekhloo

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Iran have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Javid Gherekhloo for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Turnipweed Globally
(Rapistrum rugosum)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Australia (Queensland)

1996

Cereals, and Wheat

chlorsulfuron

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Australia (New South Wales )

2021

Spring Barley

imazamox, and imazapyr

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Iran

2010

Winter wheat

bispyribac-sodium, florasulam, flucarbazone-Na, and tribenuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Spain

2018

Winter barley, and Winter wheat

iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and tribenuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Hatami, Z. M., J. Gherekhloo, A. M. Rojano-Delgado, M. D. Osuna, R. Alcantara, P. Fernandez, H. R. Sadeghipour, and R. De Prado.. 2016. Multiple mechanisms increase levels of resistance in Rapistrum rugosum to ALS herbicides. Frontiers in Plant Science 7 : .

doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00169

Rapistrum rugosum (turnip weed) is a common weed of wheat fields in Iran, which is most often controlled by tribenuron-methyl (TM), a sulfonylurea (SU) belonging to the acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides group. Several cases of unexplained control failure of R. rugosum by TM have been seen, especially in Golestan province-Iran. Hence, there is lack of research in evaluation of the level of resistance of the R. rugosum populations to TM, using whole plant dose-response and enzyme assays, then investigating some potential resistance mechanisms Results revealed that the resistance factor (RF) for resistant (R) populations was 2.5–6.6 fold higher than susceptible (S) plant. Neither foliar retention, nor 14C-TM absorption and translocation were the mechanisms responsible for resistance in turnip weed. Metabolism of TM was the second resistant mechanism in two populations (Ag-R5 and G-1), in which three metabolites were found. The concentration of TM for 50% inhibition of ALS enzyme activity in vitro showed a high level of resistance to the herbicide (RFs were from 28 to 38) and cross-resistance to sulfonyl-aminocarbonyl-triazolinone (SCT), pyrimidinyl-thiobenzoate (PTB) and triazolopyrimidine (TP), with no cross-resistance to imidazolinone (IMI). Substitution Pro 197 to Ser 197 provided resistance to four of five ALS-inhibiting herbicides including SU, TP, PTB, and SCT with no resistance to IMI. These results documented the first case of R. rugosum resistant population worldwide and demonstrated that both RST and NRST mechanisms are involved to the resistance level to TM.

Montazeri, M. ; Zand, E. ; Poor-Azar, R. ; Barjasteh, A. R. ; Nooroz-Zadeh, S. ; Vaici, M.. 2005. An evaluation of the efficacy of four wheat selective herbicides in the control of annual dicotyledonous weeds. Iranian Journal of Weed Science 1 : 155 - 162.

The efficacy of 2,4-D, 2,4-D + MCPA, bromoxynil and tribenuron-methyl [tribenuron] (at 1.08, 0.56 + 0.47, 0.56 and 15.0 g/ha, respectively) for the control of 17 annual broadleaf weed species was evaluated during 2002 and 2003 in 5 Iranian provinces: Tehran, Khuzestan, Semnan, Kermanshah and Khorasan. The herbicides were applied when the target weeds were at the 2- to 4-leaf stage. Most of the weed species were significantly controlled by at least one of the herbicides. However, Rumex crispus, Rumex dentatus, Fumaria officinalis and Polygonum aviculare were relatively tolerant of all the herbicides. Among the weed species, Sinapis arvensis, Rapistrum rugosum and Beta maritima were controlled completely by all the herbicides. For the control of Centaurea depressa, Chenopodium album, Cephalaria syriaca, Carthamus oxyacantha and Sisymbrium officinale, 2,4-D and 2,4-D + MCPA were significantly more effective than tribenuron-methyl or bromoxynil. For the control of Goldbachia laevigata, bromoxynil was more effective than the other herbicides. Stellaria media was more sensitive to tribenuron-methyl than to the other herbicides..

Walker, S. ; Osten, V. ; Storrie, A. ; Robinson, G. ; Cook, T. ; Galea, K.. 2002. Weeds at risk of developing herbicide resistance in the different cropping systems of the northern region. : 620 - 621.

Herbicide resistance is an increasing concern in the northern grain region with 10 weed species confirmed resistant in the last decade. A new project is identifying additional weeds and cropping systems that are at risk of developing resistance in the near future. This is being achieved by collating information and calculating a risk score for each main weed based on herbicide use patterns for the different crop rotations across the region. Several examples are presented for the main in-crop and fallow weeds of southern Queensland. The crop rotation of the northern region consisted of barley, chickpea, cotton, mung bean, oat, sorghum, sunflower and wheat. The main crops in southern Queensland were wheat (32%), sorghum (20%), cotton (13%), barley (11%) and chickpea (10%). Eighty-one weed species were identified in the southern Queensland surveys. Common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus) was the most widespread weed n both crops and fallows. Turnip weed (Rapistrum rugosum), wild oats (Avena spp.), black bindweed (Fallopia convolvulus), liverseed grass (Urochloa panicoides), barnyard grass (Echinochloa spp.), bladder ketma (Hibiscus trionum), pigweed (Portulaca oleracea) and caltrop (Tribulus terrestris) were similar in ranked importance in both crops and fallows. Risk assessments indicate that wild oats have a high risk for resistance to Group A herbicides, common sowthistle and black bindweed to Group B, and barnyard grass and common sowthistle to Group M herbicides..

Adkins, S. W. ; Wills, D. ; Boersma, M. ; Walker, S. R. ; Robinson, G. ; McLeod, R. J. ; Einam, J. P.. 1997. Weeds resistant to chlorsulfuron and atrazine from the north-east grain region of Australia. Weed Research (Oxford) 37 : 343 - 349.

Studies showed that at least 6 weeds found in the grain region of north-east Australia evolved resistance to one or other of the herbicides chlorsulfuron and atrazine. Two collections of Rapistrum rugosum, three of Sisymbrium orientale, five of Sonchus oleraceus, one of Fallopia convolvulus and one of Sisymbrium thellungii were resistant to the recommended rate of chlorsulfuron (15 g a.i. ha^-1). Resistance to chlorsulfuron was not discovered in three collections of Sisymbrium irio, two of Brassica tournefortii, three of Emex australis and 11 of Phalaris paradoxa. Two collections of Urochloa panicoides were resistant, and three collections possibly resistant, to the recommended rate of atrazine (1.8 kg a.i. ha^-1). Resistance to atrazine was not found in 12 collections of Hibiscus trionum, nine of Salvia reflexa, two of Parthenium hysterophorus, two of Amaranthus viridis and 14 of Echinochloa colona. The resistance status of four weeds (R. rugosum, F. convolvulus, S. thellungii and U. panicoides) was confirmed using a multiple concentration-response screen and is the first report of resistance for these species. Herbicide usage records showed that resistance has developed after 3-10 years of selection with chlorsulfuron, and 2-15 years of selection with atrazine, with no correlation between the frequency of use and the degree of resistance for any of the species where eight or more collections were made..

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