<b>HRAC Group 5</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy C1 C2) </font> resistant Atriplex patula from Belgium

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 5 (LEGACY C1 C2) RESISTANT HALBERDLEAF ORACH
(Atriplex patula)

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Belgium, Flemish Brabant

INTRODUCTION		HALBERDLEAF ORACH
Halberdleaf Orach (Atriplex patula) is a dicot weed in the Chenopodiaceae family. In Belgium this weed first evolved resistance to Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides in 2015 and infests Sugar beets. Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides are known as PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (Inhbition of Photosynthesis at PSll - Serine 264 Binders ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to desmedipham, lenacil, metamitron, and phenmedipham and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Feb 04, 2016 )
Common Name	Halberdleaf Orach
Species	Atriplex patula
Group	PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
Herbicides	desmedipham, lenacil, metamitron, and phenmedipham
Location	Belgium, Flemish Brabant
Year	2015
Situation(s)	Sugar beets
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Sofie Claerhout, and Benny De Cauwer
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Benny De Cauwer

The susceptibility to sugar beet herbicides was examined in pot experiments with 7 doses of each herbicide and 3 replicates. Pot experiments were run twice. Evolved resistance was found in two A. patula populations. These populations were low level (RI <10) to high level (RI >10) cross-resistant to the photosystem II inhibitors (HRAC group C1) metamitron (RI≈6.8-15.6), phenmedipham (RI≈3.0-8.5), desmedipham (RI≈3.0-8.7) and lenacil (RI≈6.6-10.5), and negative cross-resistant (RI≈0.5) to HRAC group K3 herbicide dimethenamide-P. This biotype is found in the Province of Flemish Brabant. This biotype is present in a few sugar beet fields (sugar beet/potato/wheat crop rotation)

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Halberdleaf Orach biotype with this Halberdleaf Orach biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 5 resistant Halberdleaf Orach have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) resistant Halberdleaf Orach from Belgium please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

SOFIE CLAERHOUT

Weed Science Unit Ghent University Department of Plant Production Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Coupure Links 653 Gent, 9000, Flemish Region Belgium Email Sofie Claerhout

BENNY DE CAUWER

Doctor assistant, Research associate University of Ghent, faculty of Bioscience-engineering Dept. Plant Production Weed Science Unit Coupure Links 653 9000 Gent, 9000, Flemish Region Belgium Email Benny De Cauwer

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Belgium have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Sofie Claerhout, and Benny De Cauwer for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Halberdleaf Orach Globally
(Atriplex patula)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Belgium

2015

Sugar beets

desmedipham, lenacil, metamitron, and phenmedipham

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

France

2019

Potatoes, and Sugar beets

metamitron, and metribuzin

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Germany

1980

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United States (Michigan)

2003

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Literature about Similar Cases

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López, C. ; López, C. ; Murillo, S. ; Zaragoza, C. ; Prado, R. de. 1993. Annual weed populations resistant to atrazine in Aragon. : 249 - 253.

In a survey conducted in the maize-growing area of Aragon in NE Spain during 1991 and 1992, weed species were collected to investigate the extent of atrazine resistance. The survey focussed on fields repeatedly treated with atrazine. Samples of weeds suspected of atrazine resistance were subjected to laboratory tests. The slow chlorophyll fluorescence test was used to assess inhibition of photosynthesis and revealed some resistant specimens of Chenopodium album, Amaranthus retroflexus and A. hybridus. A detoxifying ecotype of Atriplex patula was also discovered. The number of atrazine-resistant weeds found was not high..

Kees, H.. 1988. The development of triazine-resistant annual weeds in Bavaria and experience with their control. Gesunde Pflanzen 40 : 407 - 412, 414.

The first evidence of weed resistance to triazine herbicides in Bavaria occurred in the period 1975-80 in intensive maize growing areas following continuous treatment with atrazine. Resistance was shown by Stellaria media, Solanum nigrum, Chenopodium album and Galinsoga ciliata, with Atriplex patula and C. ficifolium being largely unaffected. Since 1982 there has been a sharp increase in the areas affected by resistant species which included for the first time Amaranthus retroflexus, Senecio vulgaris and, in isolated instances, C. polyspermum; Polygonum lapathifolium, Fallopia convoluulus, and Epilobium tetragonum also showed resistance. Since 1980, triazine-resistance has also been reported in S. vulgaris, Poa annua, C. album and A. retroflexus in horticultural crops. Control strategies to combat weed resistance are discussed..

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