<b>HRAC Group 22</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy D) </font> resistant Crassocephalum crepidioides from Malaysia

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 22 (LEGACY D) RESISTANT REDFLOWER RAGLEAF
(Crassocephalum crepidioides)

PS I Electron Diversion HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)

Malaysia, Pahang

INTRODUCTION		REDFLOWER RAGLEAF
Redflower Ragleaf (Crassocephalum crepidioides) is a dicot weed in the Asteraceae family. In Malaysia this weed first evolved resistance to Group 22 (Legacy D) herbicides in 1990 and infests Vegetables. Group 22 (Legacy D) herbicides are known as PS I Electron Diversion (PSI Electron Diversion ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to paraquat and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 22 (Legacy D) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Sep 15, 2000 )
Common Name	Redflower Ragleaf
Species	Crassocephalum crepidioides
Group	PS I Electron Diversion HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)
Herbicides	paraquat
Location	Malaysia, Pahang
Year	1990
Situation(s)	Vegetables
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Baki Bakar
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

AREAS FOUND

Baki Bakar

Pahang, Kelantam, and Perak States

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GENERAL

Baki Bakar

Paraquat resistance in Solanum nigrum, Crassocephalum crepidiodes, Amaranthus lividus and Conyza sumatrensis in Malaysia. K. Itoh, M. Azmi, and A. Ahmad. In: IWCC Proceedings of the first International Weed Control Congress, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field trials comparing a known susceptible Redflower Ragleaf biotype with this Redflower Ragleaf biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 22 resistant Redflower Ragleaf have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 22 (Legacy D) resistant Redflower Ragleaf from Malaysia please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

BAKI BAKAR

Senior Research Fellow Institute of Biological Sciences, University Of Malaya Dept. Of Botany Faculty of Science Building Kuala Lumpur, 50603 , Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Email Baki Bakar Web : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Malaysia have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Baki Bakar for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Redflower Ragleaf Globally
(Crassocephalum crepidioides)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Malaysia

1990

Vegetables

paraquat

PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Ismail, B. S. ; Chuah, T. S. ; Khatijah, H. H.. 2001. Metabolism, uptake and translocation of ¹⁴C-paraquat in resistant and susceptible biotypes of Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore. Weed Biology and Management 1 : 176 - 181.

The metabolism, uptake and translocation of paraquat in resistant (R) and susceptible (S) biotypes of C. crepidioides (redflower ragleaf) at the 10-leaf stage was investigated. A study on the properties of leaf surface was conducted to examine the relationship between leaf surface characters and paraquat absorption. The extractable paraquat was not metabolized by the leaf tissue of either the resistant or susceptible biotypes. Differential metabolism, therefore, does not appear to play a role in the mechanism of resistance. Both biotypes did not show any significant difference in the amount of cuticle and trichome densities. Furthermore, both biotypes were identical in the structure of stomata, trichomes and epicuticular wax. The results of the leaf surface studies are in agreement with the findings of the uptake study. Both biotypes demonstrated no significant difference in absorption between resistant and susceptible biotypes. However, 10% of the absorbed ¹⁴C-paraquat into the S biotype was translocated basipetally, but not in the R biotype. Results of this study suggest that in C. crepidioides, differential translocation may contribute to the mechanism of resistance at the 10-leaf stage..

Ismail, B. S. ; Chuah, T. S. ; Salmijah, S. ; Hussin, K. H.. 2001. Role of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities in paraquat-resistant redflower ragleaf (Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52 : 583 - 586.

The constituent level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities in susceptible (S) and resistant (R) biotypes of C. crepidioides, prior to and following paraquat treatment, was examined at the 6-leaf (6-7 weeks) and 10-leaf (9-10 weeks) stages. Earlier dose response studies had shown survival of resistant plants at the 6- and 10-leaf stages to be 2.9 and 2.6 times that of the susceptible biotype. At the 6-leaf stage, the SOD activity of whole leaf extracts in the untreated R biotype was lower (86%) than that of the S biotype. Paraquat treatment increased SOD activity in the R biotype 2-fold relative to the control (no paraquat) but not in the S biotype. There was also no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the SOD activities of the 2 biotypes after each was treated with paraquat. Furthermore, at the 10-leaf stage, paraquat treatment did not change SOD activity in the S biotype but the activity increased 3-fold (P < 0.05) in the treated R biotype. These observations suggest that SOD could play a part in the mechanism of paraquat resistance and that this is more evident at the more mature stage. The ratio of POD activity (R/S) was relatively constant at 6- and 10-leaf stages after paraquat treatment. POD therefore did not appear to be important in the mechanism of paraquat resistance in C. crepidioides..

Ismail, B. S. ; Chuah, T. S. ; Hussin, K. H.. 2001. Paraquat resistance in the broadleaf weed Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore from the Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. Plant Protection Quarterly 16 : 44 - 46.

A paraquat-resistant broadleaf weed, Crassocephalum crepidioides infesting tomato and cabbage fields in Tanah Rata, Cameron Highlands, Malaysia was identified in a greenhouse study. Paraquat dichloride at 1 kg ha^-1 had been applied twice a year to the affected fields for 10 years. Dose-response tests were conducted, using 6- and 9-week-old plants that had received repeated exposure to paraquat and those that had no history of paraquat application. The estimated ED₅₀ (paraquat dose required to reduce shoot fresh weight by 50%) of both biotypes was lower for the 6-week-old as compared to the 9-week-old plants. Furthermore, the ED₅₀ of resistant (R) biotypes was approximately three times higher than that of the susceptible (S) biotype for both the growth stages studied..

Itoh, K.. 1994. Weed ecology and its control in south-east tropical countries. Japanese Journal of Tropical Agriculture 38 : 369 - 373.

For over 20 years, repeated use of the same herbicides has resulted in paraquat resistant biotypes of Crassocephalum crepidioides, Solanum nigrum, Conyza sumatrensis and Amaranthus lividis in plantations, and 2,4-D resistant biotypes of Sphenoclea zeylanica and Fimbristylis miliacea in rice fields in South-East Asia. In irrigated rice areas, rapid changes from transplanting to direct sowing methods have been motivated by the introduction of effective herbicides and combine harvester technology, development of short culm and early maturing rice cultivars, and high labour cost of transplanting. Changes in the rice planting method has caused shifts in weed populations and flora, with large increases being noted for grassy weeds such as the Echinochloa crus-galli complex, Ischaemum rugosum, Leptochloa chinensis and weedy rice. Effective weed control through integrated weed management, involving ecological and biological control, are discussed..

Itoh, K. ; Azmi, M. ; Ahmad, A.. 1992. Paraquat resistance in Solanum nigrum, Crassocephalum crepidioides, Amaranthus lividus and Conyza sumatrensis in Malaysia. : 224 - 228.

In sweet peas and potato fields in Tanah Rata, Cameron Highlands, sprayed twice in May and Sep. 1990 with 1 kg/ha paraquat, paraquat resistant biotypes of Solanum nigrum, Crassocephalum crepidioides, Amaranthus lividus and Conyza sumatrensis were recorded in abundance. Leaf disc tests at various concn (10^-4-10^-5 M) of paraquat showed that the level of resistance in the resistant biotype of C. crepidioides was 100 times higher than that of its susceptible counterpart. Paraquat resistant biotypes of C. sumatrensis were also isolated Kota Bahru, Kelantan, and of C. crepidioides from Tapah and Bidor, Perak, Malaysia..

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