Multiple resistant Amaranthus viridis from Brazil

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

MULTIPLE RESISTANT SLENDER AMARANTH
(Amaranthus viridis)

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Brazil

INTRODUCTION		SLENDER AMARANTH
Slender Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) is a dicot weed in the Amaranthaceae family. In Brazil this weed first evolved multiple resistance (to 2 herbicide sites of action) in 2011 and infests Cotton. Multiple resistance has evolved to herbicides in the Groups 2 (Legacy B), and PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2). These particular biotypes are known to have resistance to atrazine, prometryne, and trifloxysulfuron-Na and they may be cross-resistant to other herbicides in the Groups 2 (Legacy B), and PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2). The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Apr 10, 2013 )
Common Name	Slender Amaranth
Species	Amaranthus viridis
Group	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B) PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
Herbicides	atrazine, prometryne, and trifloxysulfuron-Na
Location	Brazil
Year	2011
Situation(s)	Cotton
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Jamil Constantin, Alessandra Constantin Francischini, and Rubem Oliveira
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Alessandra Constantin Francischini

FIRST REPORT OF Amaranthus viridis RESISTANCE TO HERBICIDES
Primeiro Relato de Resistência de Amaranthus viridis a Herbicidas
FRANCISCHINI, A.C., CONSTANTIN, J., OLIVEIRA JR., R.S., SANTOS, G., BRAZ, G.B.P., and DAN, H.A.
Planta Daninha, Viçosa-MG, v. 32, n. 3, p. 571-578, 2014

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Slender Amaranth biotype with this Slender Amaranth biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 2, 5 resistant Slender Amaranth have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of multiple resistant Slender Amaranth from Brazil please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

JAMIL CONSTANTIN

Associate Professor Universidade Estadual de Maringá Departamento de Agronomia Av. Colombo 5790 Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Paraná Brazil Email Jamil Constantin Web : Web Site Link

ALESSANDRA CONSTANTIN FRANCISCHINI

Weed Research Universidade Estadual De Maringá Department Of Weed Control Rua Saadeddini Ali Wardeni Maringá, 87060-250, Paraná Brazil Email Alessandra Constantin Francischini Web : Web Site Link

RUBEM OLIVEIRA

Associate Professor Universidade Estadual De Maringá - Departamento De Agronomia Núcleo De Estudos Avançados Em Ciência Das Plantas Daninhas Av. Colombo 5790 Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná Brazil Email Rubem Oliveira Web : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Brazil have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Jamil Constantin, Alessandra Constantin Francischini, and Rubem Oliveira for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Slender Amaranth Globally
(Amaranthus viridis)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Brazil

2011

Cotton

atrazine, prometryne, and trifloxysulfuron-Na

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Lopes Ovejero, R. F. ; Soares, D. J. ; Oliveira, W. S. ; Fonseca, L. B. ; Berger, G. U. ; Soteres, J. K. ; Christoffoleti, P. J.. 2013. Residual herbicides in weed management for glyphosate-resistant soybean in Brazil. Planta Daninha 31 : 947 - 959.

In agricultural production systems where the glyphosate-resistant soybean crop (Glycine max) is grown and the practice of crop rotation with alternative herbicides is not adopted, the exclusive and continuous use of glyphosate has led to the occurrence of resistant weed populations that may limit or compromise the benefits of this technology. Thus, the efficacy of weed management programs, including the use of residual herbicides (sulfentrazone, flumioxazin, imazethapyr, diclosulan, chlorimuron and s-metolachlor) applied in preemergence and followed by in-crop postemergence applications of glyphosate (PRE-POST) were compared to glyphosate postemergence only programs - POST. The study was conducted across nine locations during the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 growing seasons. PRE-POST programs were efficient in the control of Amaranthus viridis, Brachiaria plantaginea, Bidens pilosa, Commelina benghalensis, Eleusine indica, Euphorbia heterophylla and Raphanus raphanistrum, with the level of control being similar when comparing the program with two applications of glyphosate POST. Some PRE-POST programs were not efficient in controlling Cenchrus echinatus, Ipomoea hederifolia and Ipomoea triloba. Sulfentrazone and diclosulam PRE-POST programs improved the control of Ipomoea triloba compared to sequential applications of glyphosate alone. No significant differences in soybean yield were observed between any of the herbicide treatments or study locations. The use of residual herbicides in preemergence followed by glyphosate in-crop postemergence provides consistent weed control and reducing early season weed competition. Furthermore, these programs utilize at least two herbicide modes of action for herbicide use diversity, which will be needed to stay ahead of resistance build-up, regardless of when weeds may appear..

Bhowmik, P. C.. 2010. Current status of herbicide resistant weeds around the Globe. Journal of Crop and Weed 6 : 33 - 43.

The incidence and wide spread of herbicide resistant weeds is a global problem. Over the past 65 years, repeated use of herbicides has resulted in the evolution of resistant weed species. The first resistant species to triazine was discovered in 1970 in the United States. Since then, a large number of weed species has evolved resistance to several classes of herbicide. Currently, there are 334 resistant biotypes, including 190 weed species (113 dicots and 77 monocots) in over 310, 000 fields around the world Common resistant species are Chenopodium album and Amaranthus retroflexus resistant to triazine, Phalaris minor resistant to isoproturon, P. minor and P. paradoxa resistant to diclofop, Echinochloa colona resistant to propanil, Echinochloa crusgalli resistant to butachlor, Eleusine indica resistant to trifluralin, Lolium rigidum resistant to diclofop, Lactuca serriola resistant to metsuljuron, glyphosate resistance to Eleusine indica, Conyza canadensis, Lolium rigidum, and Lolium multiflorum. Multiple weed resistance to more than one class of herbicides with different modes of action has also been documented with many species. Currently there has been increased herbicide resistance to various weed species around the globe. Most common species are Lolium rigidum, Avena fatua, Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, Setaria viridis, Echinochloa crusgalli, Eleusine indica, Kochia scoparia, Conyza canadensis, and Amaranthus hybridus..

Calha, Im; Rocha, F; Ruiz-Santaella, Jr; Cruz-Hipolito, He. 2008. Two decades of herbicide resistance in the Iberian Peninsula. Journal Of Plant Diseases And Protection : 79 - 84.

About 20 years ago the first case of herbicide resistance in the Iberian Peninsula was reported: Amaranthus spp. R to atrazine in Spanish orchards. Since then, herbicide resistance has evolved in many weed species. Changes on agricultural practices namely new tillage systems, new rotational programmes, combined with the increased use of herbicides led to the selection of weed biotypes resistant to a wide range of herbicides. Nowadays such a problem affects the most important crops of this Peninsula (maize, wheat, rice, citrus and olive orchards), a spectrum of 26 weed species (14 dicotyledonous and 12 monocotyledonous) with biotypes resistant to several herbicides, namely to ALS inhibitors (Alisma plantago-aquatica, Cyperus difformis, Conyza albida, Aster squamatus, Avena sterilis and Papaver rhoeas), to ACCase inhibitors (Lolium rigidum), to PS II inhibitors (Amaranthus albus, A. blitoides, A. cruentus, A. hybridus, A. retroflexus, Bromus tectorum, Chenopodium album, Conyza bonariensis, C. canadensis, Echinochloa crus-galli, Polygonum lapathifolium, Setaria faberi, S. glauca, S. verticillata, S. viridis and Solanum nigrum), to ureas and amides (B. tectorum and Alopecurus myosuroides), to synthetic auxins (E. crus-galli) and more recently to the herbicide glyphosate (C. bonariensis; L. rigidum and L. multiflorum). Diversity of resistance mechanisms responsible for resistance in this Region involved target site resistance, enhanced rates of herbicide metabolism and multiple resistance. This paper reviews the actual situation in Iberian Peninsula and gives a perspective of adequate strategies for weed management considering the resistance mechanism, the availability of alternative herbicides and other cultural practices.

Carvalho, S. J. P. ; Buissa, J. A. R. ; Nicolai, M. ; López-Ovejero, R. F. ; Christoffoleti, P. J.. 2006. Differential susceptibility of Amaranthus genus weed species to the herbicides trifloxysulfuron-sodium and chlorimuron-ethyl. Planta Daninha 24 : 541 - 548.

The susceptibility of the following Amaranthus species to post-emergence applied herbicides was evaluated: A. deflexus, A. hybridus, A. retroflexus, A. spinosus and A. viridis. The herbicides were: trifloxysulfuron-sodium and chlorimuron-ethyl. Herbicides were applied on plants with 5-6 leaves and rates of 0, 16R, 4TR, 1/4R, 1/16R, 1/64R. The rate (R) for trifloxysulfuron were 3.75 and 7.5 g/ha, while this was 12.5 and 17.5 g/ha for chlorimuron, during the first and second phase, respectively. In the first phase, percentage control and dry mass of the pots were evaluated at 20 days after application, while in the second, percentage control was evaluated. A. deflexus was the least susceptible, followed by A. spinosus, A. viridis, A. hybridus and A. retroflexus..

Soltani, N. ; Deen, B. ; Bowley, S. ; Sikkema, P. H.. 2005. Effects of pre-emergence applications of flufenacet plus metribuzin on weeds and soybean (Glycine max). Crop Protection 24 : 507 - 511.

There is limited information on the effect of flufenacet plus metribuzin on selected weed species in soybeans (Glycine max) in Ontario. Field trials were conducted at two Ontario locations (Exeter and Ridgetown) in 1998 and 1999 to evaluate the tolerance of soybeans to pre-emergence applications of a flufenacet plus metribuzin mixture at doses from 0.67 to 1.68 kg ai ha^-1. The application of flufenacet plus metribuzin caused visual crop injury at 7, 14, and 28 days after treatment (DAT), but resulted in no yield reduction in soybeans compared to weed-free control at all doses evaluated. The PRE application of metribuzin plus flufenacet at the lowest dose (0.67 kg ha^-1) provided full season control of Chenopodium album L. (common lambsquarter), Amaranthus retroflexus L. (redroot pigweed), and Ambrosia artemesiifolia L. (common ragweed). Higher doses (1.00 g ha^-1) were needed to effectively control Sinapis arvensis L. (wild mustard) and Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. (green foxtail) while the highest dose (1.68 kg ai ha^-1) was required for the control of Abutilon theophrasti Medic. (velvetleaf). At 28 DAT, the biologically effective dose for 50%, 80%, and 90% control of Chenopodium album L. was 0.2, 0.6 and 0.7 kg ha^-1, for 50%, 80%, and 90% control of Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. was 0.7, 0.9 and 1.1 kg ha^-1 and for 50%, 80%, and 90% control of Sinapis arvensis was 1.0, 1.1, 1.3 kg ha^-1, respectively. This research concludes that soybeans were tolerant to flufenacet plus metribuzin at all doses evaluated. Weed species differed in their sensitivity to the herbicide mixture. Chenopodium album L. was the most sensitive to flufenacet plus metribuzin followed by Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. followed by Sinapis arvensis L..

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