<b>HRAC Group 4</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy O) </font> resistant Lactuca serriola from United States, Washington

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 4 (LEGACY O) RESISTANT PRICKLY LETTUCE
(Lactuca serriola)

Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

United States, Washington

INTRODUCTION		PRICKLY LETTUCE
Prickly Lettuce (Lactuca serriola) is a dicot weed in the Asteraceae family. In Washington this weed first evolved resistance to Group 4 (Legacy O) herbicides in 2007 and infests Cereals. Group 4 (Legacy O) herbicides are known as Auxin Mimics (Auxin Mimics ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to 2,4-D, dicamba, and MCPA and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 4 (Legacy O) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Jan 31, 2008 )
Common Name	Prickly Lettuce
Species	Lactuca serriola
Group	Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)
Herbicides	2,4-D, dicamba, and MCPA
Location	United States, Washington
Year	2007
Situation(s)	Cereals
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Ian Burke
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

HISTORY - FIRST CASE

2,4-D resistant prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola L.) in Washington. I. C. Burke*,1 J. Yenish,1 D. Pittmann,1 R. Gallagher2; 1Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 2Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA

Prickly lettuce has become a widespread and troublesome weed in the Pacific Northwest. It occurs in all rainfall zones and is difficult to control largely due to ALS resistance but also due to increased tolerance to 2,4-D and glyphosate. Although prickly lettuce is not a relatively competitive weed in-crop, it can deplete the soil of moisture for following crops. In wheat fields adjacent to Pullman, WA, several individual plants within a prickly lettuce population were observed to survive two separate broadcast applications of a glyphosate plus 2,4-D in mixture (0.84 kg ae/ha each). Other broadleaf weed species and most prickly lettuce plants within the treated area were effectively controlled. Consequently, seed were collected from the surviving plants to determine tolerance to glyphosate and 2,4-D. The objectives of this study where to identify any antagonistic interactions of 2,4-D and glyphosate for control of prickly lettuce and to determine response of putatively resistant prickly lettuce biotypes to increasing rates of 2,4-D. When glyphosate and 2,4-D where applied in mixture at 0.42 kg ae/ha, antagonism was observed in prickly lettuce found to be resistant to 2,4-D. Conversely, synergism was observed when the same treatment was applied to susceptible prickly lettuce. In dose response experiments, the resistant prickly lettuce biotype was found to be 27-fold more resistant to 2,4-D than the susceptible biotype. The resistant prickly lettuce biotype is cross-resistant to MCPA and dicamba, but not to aminopyralid or fluroxypr.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, and Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Prickly Lettuce biotype with this Prickly Lettuce biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 4 resistant Prickly Lettuce have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 4 (Legacy O) resistant Prickly Lettuce from Washington please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

IAN BURKE

Associate Professor - Weed Scientist Washington State University Department of Crop And Soil Sciences 163 Johnson Hall PO Box 646420 Pullman, 99164, Washington United States Email Ian Burke Web : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Washington have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Ian Burke for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Prickly Lettuce Globally
(Lactuca serriola)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Australia (South Australia)

1994

Canola, Roadsides, Spring Barley, and Wheat

chlorsulfuron, flumetsulam, metosulam, metsulfuron-methyl, and triasulfuron

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Australia (Victoria)

2009

Spring Barley, and Wheat

chlorsulfuron, and metsulfuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Australia (Victoria)

2015

Fallow

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

United States (Idaho)

1987

Canola, Cereals, Chickpea, Lentils, Peas, and Wheat

chlorsulfuron, imazethapyr, metsulfuron-methyl, thifensulfuron-methyl, triasulfuron, and tribenuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

United States (Washington)

1993

Cereals, and Wheat

chlorsulfuron

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

United States (Oregon)

1993

Wheat

chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, and triasulfuron

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

United States (Washington)

2007

Cereals

2,4-D, dicamba, and MCPA

Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Riar, D. S. ; Burke, I. C. ; Yenish, J. P. ; Bell, J. ; Gill, K.. 2011. Inheritance and physiological basis for 2,4-D resistance in prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola L.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59 : 9417 - 9423.

Experiments were conducted to determine the inheritance and physiological basis for resistance to the synthetic auxinic herbicide (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) in a prickly lettuce biotype. Inheritance of 2,4-D resistance in prickly lettuce is governed by a single codominant gene. Absorption and translocation were conducted using ¹⁴C-2,4-D applied to 2,4-D-resistant and -susceptible biotypes. At 96 h after treatment (HAT), the resistant biotype absorbed less applied 2,4-D and retained more 2,4-D in the treated portion of the leaf compared to the susceptible biotype. The resistant biotype translocated less applied 2,4-D to leaves above the treated leaf and crown at 96 HAT compared to the susceptible biotype. No difference in the rate of metabolism of 2,4-D was observed between the two biotypes. Resistance to 2,4-D appears to originate from a reduced growth deregulatory and overstimulation response compared to the susceptible biotype, resulting in lower translocation of 2,4-D in the resistant prickly lettuce biotype..

Bhowmik, P. C.. 2010. Current status of herbicide resistant weeds around the Globe. Journal of Crop and Weed 6 : 33 - 43.

The incidence and wide spread of herbicide resistant weeds is a global problem. Over the past 65 years, repeated use of herbicides has resulted in the evolution of resistant weed species. The first resistant species to triazine was discovered in 1970 in the United States. Since then, a large number of weed species has evolved resistance to several classes of herbicide. Currently, there are 334 resistant biotypes, including 190 weed species (113 dicots and 77 monocots) in over 310, 000 fields around the world Common resistant species are Chenopodium album and Amaranthus retroflexus resistant to triazine, Phalaris minor resistant to isoproturon, P. minor and P. paradoxa resistant to diclofop, Echinochloa colona resistant to propanil, Echinochloa crusgalli resistant to butachlor, Eleusine indica resistant to trifluralin, Lolium rigidum resistant to diclofop, Lactuca serriola resistant to metsuljuron, glyphosate resistance to Eleusine indica, Conyza canadensis, Lolium rigidum, and Lolium multiflorum. Multiple weed resistance to more than one class of herbicides with different modes of action has also been documented with many species. Currently there has been increased herbicide resistance to various weed species around the globe. Most common species are Lolium rigidum, Avena fatua, Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, Setaria viridis, Echinochloa crusgalli, Eleusine indica, Kochia scoparia, Conyza canadensis, and Amaranthus hybridus..

Burke, I. C. ; Yenish, J. P. ; Pittmann, D. ; Gallagher, R. S.. 2009. Resistance of a prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola) biotype to 2,4-D. Weed Technology 23 : 586 - 591.

Dose-response experiments were conducted on a biotype of prickly lettuce collected from Whitman County, WA, to determine the level of resistance to 2,4-D. Initially, progeny of prickly lettuce that survived two applications of glyphosate and 2,4-D in mixture were collected to determine if antagonism of the 2,4-D or glyphosate was occurring. Prickly lettuce survival was determined to not be due to antagonism of 2,4-D or glyphosate when the two herbicides were applied in mixture. The doses required to reduce growth 50% (GR₅₀) for resistant and susceptible field-collected prickly lettuce were 150 and 6 g ae/ha 2,4-D, respectively, indicating the resistant biotype was 25 times more resistant to 2,4-D than the susceptible biotype. The resistant biotype expressed injury but produced regrowth following application. A dose of 2,4-D at 220 g/ha was required to reduce regrowth frequency 50% (FR₅₀) for resistant field-collected prickly lettuce. Regrowth was also observed with the susceptible biotype, although the FR₅₀ was much lower (10 g/ha), resulting in an R/S ratio of 22 based on the respective FR₅₀ values. A rate of 4,300 g/ha 2,4-D (10 times the maximum labeled rate in wheat) was required to reduce the regrowth frequency in the resistant biotype to zero..

Tominaga, T.. 2007. Germination characteristics of ALS inhibiting herbicides-resistant biotypes of weed. Journal of Weed Science and Technology 52 : 36 - 40.

This overview explains the germination characteristics of ALS inhibition herbicide-resistant biotypes of weed such as Lactuca serriola L., Kochia scoparia L. [Bassia scoparia], Lolium rigidum Gaud., Sisymbrium orientale Torn., Scirpus juncoides Roxb. var. ohwianus T. Koyama and Bromus tectorum L.. Valine, isoleucine and leucine content in the seeds of ALS inhibition herbicide-resistant biotypes are also discussed and the data from Kochia scoparia L. [Bassia scoparia] and Lactuca serriola L. are shown. In the seeds of ALS inhibition herbicide-resistant Kochia scoparia L., valine, isoleucine and leucine content are twice as much as that of ALS herbicide-susceptible variety. Valine, isoleucine and leucine content in the seeds of ALS inhibition herbicide-resistant Lactuca serriola L. are 70%, 9% and 43% higher, respectively, in comparison to that of ALS inhibition herbicide-susceptible variety..

Lu, Y. Q. ; Baker, J. ; Preston, C.. 2007. The spread of resistance to acetolactate synthase inhibiting herbicides in a wind borne, self-pollinated weed species, Lactuca serriola L. TAG Theoretical and Applied Genetics 115 : 443 - 450.

Resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in Lactuca serriola first appeared in the northern Yorke Peninsula in South Australia in 1994, with resistance soon observed at a number of additional sites. The rapid appearance of resistance at many sites could be attributed to a number of independent selection events or to movement of resistant seed from the original field. ISSRs were used to genotype plants collected in 1999 and 2004 from roadsides or fields in an attempt to determine the importance of these two factors in the spread of herbicide resistance in L. serriola. In 1999 and 2004, chlorsulfuron-resistant L. serriola plants were found in both fields and roadsides with resistant plants being more frequent in fields than roadsides and more frequent in 2004 than in 1999. Genetic relationships generated using UPGMA analysis indicated the presence of more than one genotype within the herbicide resistant populations sampled for both years and suggested independent selection as well as movement of resistant seed had occurred. DNA extracted from samples collected in 1999 was used to sequence a highly conserved region of the ALS gene that coded for a single amino acid modification within the gene. Four different mutations were identified within the resistant samples and these mutations tended to cluster on a geographical basis. Together these data provide evidence for both multiple independent evolutionary events and for the potential movement of individual genotypes as far as 43 km in the region..

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