<b>HRAC Group 4</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy O) </font> resistant Cirsium arvense from Sweden

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 4 (LEGACY O) RESISTANT CANADA THISTLE
(Cirsium arvense)

Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

Sweden

INTRODUCTION		CANADA THISTLE
Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) is a dicot weed in the Asteraceae family. In Sweden this weed first evolved resistance to Group 4 (Legacy O) herbicides in 1979 and infests Cropland. Group 4 (Legacy O) herbicides are known as Auxin Mimics (Auxin Mimics ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to MCPA and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 4 (Legacy O) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Sep 15, 2000 )
Common Name	Canada thistle
Species	Cirsium arvense
Group	Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)
Herbicides	MCPA
Location	Sweden
Year	1979
Situation(s)	Cropland
Contributors - (Alphabetically)
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Fogelfors, H. 1979. "Changes in the Flora of Farmland" Swed. Univ. Agric. Sci. Dept, Ecol. Environ. Res. Rep. No. 5, Uppsala. pp 66.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Canada thistle biotype with this Canada thistle biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 4 resistant Canada thistle have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 4 (Legacy O) resistant Canada thistle from Sweden please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Sweden have been instrumental in providing you this information.

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Herbicide Resistant Canada thistle Globally
(Cirsium arvense)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Hungary

1985

Pastures

2,4-D, and MCPA

Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

Sweden

1979

Cropland

MCPA

Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Fogelfors, H. ; Lundkvist, A.. 2009. Selective pressure on Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. and Sonchus arvensis L. growth characteristics on different types of farmland in Sweden. Acta Agriculturæ Scandinavica. Section B, Plant Soil Science 59 : 42 - 49.

Changes in cropping systems during the past century have led to selective pressure on weed flora. Species and ecotypes with characteristics enabling them to survive in high-input farmland have increased in numbers, at the cost of plants lacking these characters. Since the 1950s, the perennial weed species Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. and Sonchus arvensis L. have mainly been controlled by the herbicide group synthetic auxins like MCPA. During recent decades, C. arvense seems to have become less susceptible to MCPA in both Europe and North America but the reasons are unclear. To study the importance of selective pressure on weed ecotypes, both short- and long-term studies were carried out in Uppsala, Sweden. The first consisted of two growth-characteristic greenhouse experiments. The hypothesis was that ecotypes of C. arvense and S. arvensis from high-input farmland were different and displayed a more competitive growth pattern than did ecotypes from low-input farmland. The second study was a field experiment with four ecotypes of C. arvense from low-input farmland to study if selective pressure was in force, over a period of six years. The four ecotypes had different growth characteristics and herbicide sensitivity and they were exposed to crop competition and MCPA treatments during the experimental period. The hypothesis was that ecotypes with a more competitive growth pattern and MCPA tolerance would survive to a greater extent than would other ecotypes. For C. arvense, the results from the growth-characteristic experiment showed that the growth pattern of ecotypes from high-input farmland differed, showing a more directly elongated growth pattern with fewer spines on the leaves compared with ecotypes from low-input farmland, which usually were of rosette-type. Results from the field experiment with C. arvense showed that after six years MCPA-sensitive and/or rosette-type ecotypes had almost disappeared while ecotypes with a more directly elongated growth pattern and less sensitive to MCPA survived to a much greater extent. The conclusion was therefore that when exposed to selective pressure like crop competition and herbicide treatments, ecotypes of C. arvense with a more directly elongated growth pattern and less sensitive to herbicide treatment survived to a greater extent compared with ecotypes missing these traits. Ecotypes from high-input farmland had generally fewer leaf spines than did ecotypes from low-input farmland. This may suggest a trade-off between spine formation and rapid competitive growth. In the growth-characteristic experiment with S. arvensis, no differences between ecotypes from high- and low-input farmland regarding growth characteristics or leaf spines could be detected. This might partly be due to a lower exposure of S. arvensis to selective pressure compared with C. arvense, since S. arvensis generally is less sensitive to MCPA..

Soroka, S.. 2007. Antiresistant strategy of herbicides application in Belarus. Progress in Plant Protection 47 : 371 - 381.

In the total volume of pesticides applied in Belarus, herbicides make 70-75% and the decrease of volumes of application of the indicated pesticide group is not supposed. Knowing about the acquired resistance of many weed plants to symtriazine herbicides in Belarus after the accident in the Chernobyl nuclear power station this group of herbicides is not applied. In the nearest future, atrazine-based herbicides will be prohibited. In connection with the fact that starting with fifties of the past Century and up to now, the herbicides 2,4-D and MCPA group are applied to which Elytrigia repens [Elymus repens], Tripleurospermum inodora [Matricaria perforata], Polygonum spp., Galeopsis spp., Viola spp., Sonchus arvensis, Cirsium arvense, Artemisia spp., Taraxacum spp., Melandrium album [Silene latifolia subp. alba], Vicia cracca, Matricaria spp., Stellaria media, Myosotis arvensis, Spergula sativa, Poa annua, Apera spica-venti, Echinochloa crus-galli and other weeds are resistant. The Herbology Laboratory of the Institute developed and recommended an assortment of herbicides allowing to reach maximum efficiency against the indicated resistant weeds as well. In antiresistant protection technologies rotation, herbicide mixtures of different groups, method of action, surfactants, fertilizers and other substances raising the biological activity of pesticides against the resistant objects are recommended. Both pure and as a component of tank mixtures, the 4th generation herbicides, for example, sulfonylurea derivatives, are intensively used in Belarus. These preparations have low application rate, activity under temperature below 10°C, a wide spectrum of action and range of application periods (autumn and, spring), favourable toxicological, ecological and economic data, they are successively used in modern integrated systems of winter and spring grain crops, maize, flax, potato and beet protection. In the "Catalogue of pesticides and fertilizers allowed for application in the Republic of Belarus", 33 herbicides with the content of the this group active ingredient are registered. In the total volume of herbicide application, the share of indicated preparations makes already 15-18%. Herbicides, sulfonylurea derivatives, are not effective enough against overgrown weed plants, especially Chenopodium album; for destroying it, the mixtures of 2,4-D and MCPA are used. Taking into account the fact that weed plants with the acquired resistance to herbicides in Belarus are not economically important, special research on their identification and biology are not carried out..

Howatt, K. A. ; Endres, G. J. ; Hendrickson, P. E. ; Aberle, E. Z. ; Lukach, J. R. ; Jenks, B. M. ; Riveland, N. R. ; Valenti, S. A. ; Rystedt, C. M.. 2006. Evaluation of glyphosate-resistant hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum). Weed Technology 20 : 706 - 716.

The potential for future commercialization of glyphosate-resistant wheat necessitates evaluation of agronomic merits of this technology. Experiments were established to evaluate glyphosate-resistant wheat and weed responses to glyphosate rate, application timing, and tank mixtures. Glyphosate at 1680 g/ha did not injure wheat. Wheat response to glyphosate applied during the 1- to 3- or 3- to 5-leaf stage of the crop was not different from that of untreated wheat. Wheat was injured more from glyphosate applied in combination with thifensulfuron or dicamba than from individual herbicides at one of 6 locations, but grain yield was not affected by glyphosate tank mixtures. Glyphosate application timing did not affect the control of wild oat or common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) 56 days after the treatment. Glyphosate, when applied during the 1- to 3-leaf stage of the crop provided better control of wild buckwheat (Fallopia convolvulus) than later glyphosate application, whereas glyphosate applied during the 3- to 5-leaf stage provided the best control of green foxtail (Setaria viridis), yellow foxtail (S. pumila), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), and Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense). Weed control with glyphosate tended to be better than conventional herbicides, and wheat treated with glyphosate produced approximately 10% more grain than wheat treated with conventional herbicide tank mixes..

Dixon, F. L. ; Clay, D. V. ; Willoughby, I.. 2006. The efficacy of pre-emergence herbicides on problem weeds in woodland regeneration. Crop Protection 25 : 259 - 268.

Weeds germinating from seed are serious competitors for resources with young trees and can delay or prevent woodland establishment and regeneration. However, there is only limited information available on which pre-emergence herbicides are effective on problem weeds that commonly occur in these situations, in particular for perennial species germinating on fertile ex agricultural sites. Following previously reported glasshouse screening experiments for potentially useful herbicide treatments, ten residual herbicide treatments were tested on twelve problem weed species in the field. The results showed considerable variations in the susceptibilities of weed species to the different herbicide treatments. The combination of atrazine plus cyanazine, included as a standard herbicide mix that is commonly used in forestry situations, was the most effective treatment overall, with most weed species appearing to be susceptible or moderately susceptible. Chamerion angustifolium (rosebay willowherb) was the most sensitive species tested, being well controlled by the mixture of atrazine plus cyanazine, metazachlor, the higher doses of napropamide, and the mixture of metazachlor plus pendimethalin. Cirsium arvense (creeping thistle) was susceptible to isoxaben, and atrazine plus cyanazine. Clematis vitalba (old man's beard) was susceptible to isoxaben. Senecio vulgaris (groundsel) was well controlled by atrazine plus cyanazine, and metazachlor. Ranunculus repens (creeping buttercup) only appeared to be controlled by napropamide. Rumex obtusifolius (broadleaved dock) and Urtica dioica (common nettle) were susceptible to pendimethalin. Rubus fruticosus agg. (bramble), Cirsium vulgare (spear thistle), Senecio jacobea (common ragwort) and Trifolium repens (white clover) were only susceptible to the mixture of atrazine plus cyanazine. Brassica napus ssp. oleifera (volunteer oilseed rape) was not completely controlled by any of the treatments, although atrazine plus cyanazine did give significant growth reductions. A comparison of the susceptibility implied by existing literature, glasshouse pot experiments and the field trials reported here, shows the importance of confirming results obtained in pot trials with field testing and provides valuable information on efficacy which will be useful in assisting herbicide selection in the future..

Harker, K. N. ; Clayton, G. W. ; Blackshaw, R. E. ; O'Donovan, J. T. ; Lupwayi, N. Z. ; Johnson, E. N. ; Gan YanTai ; Zentner, R. P. ; Lafond, G. P. ; Irvine, R. B.. 2005. Glyphosate-resistant spring wheat production system effects on weed communities. Weed Science 53 : 451 - 464.

Glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops are produced over large areas in North America. A study was conducted at six western Canada research sites, i.e. in Beaverlodge, Lacombe and Lethbridge in Alberta, Brandon in Manitoba, and in Scott and Swift Current in Saskatchewan, to determine seed date, i.e. mid-April to early May (early) and mid-May to early June (late), and tillage system (conventional or low soil-disturbance direct-seeding) effects on weed populations in GR spring wheat and canola [rape] cropping systems from 2000 to 2003. Four-year wheat-canola-wheat-pea rotations were devised with varying levels of GR crops in the rotation. Weed populations were determined at pre- and post-in-crop herbicide application intervals in 2000 and 2003. Early seeding led to higher and more variable in-crop wild oat (Avena fatua) and wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus [F. convolvulus]) populations. High frequencies of in-crop glyphosate wheat in the rotation usually improved weed management and reduced weed density and variability. Canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) across all locations revealed that by 2003, green foxtail (Setaria viridis), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), sowthistle spp. (Sonchus oleraceus, S. arvensis and S. asper), wild buckwheat and wild oat, all associated with the rotation lacking in-crop glyphosate. Similar CDA analyses for individual locations indicated specific weeds were associated with 3 years of in-crop glyphosate (Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) at Brandon, henbit (Lamium amplexicaule) at Lacombe, and volunteer wheat, volunteer canola, and round-leaved mallow (Malva pusilla) at Lethbridge). However, only henbit at Lacombe and volunteer wheat at Lethbridge occurred at significant densities. Although excellent weed control was attained in rotations containing a high frequency of GR crops, the merits of more integrated approaches to weed management and crop production should also be considered. Overall, rotations including GR spring wheat did not significantly increase short-term weed management risks in conventional tillage or low soil-disturbance direct-seeding systems..

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