<b>HRAC Group 2</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy B) </font> resistant Sida spinosa from United States, Georgia

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 2 (LEGACY B) RESISTANT PRICKLY SIDA
(Sida spinosa)

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

United States, Georgia

INTRODUCTION		PRICKLY SIDA
Prickly Sida (Sida spinosa) is a dicot weed in the Malvaceae family. In Georgia this weed first evolved resistance to Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides in 1993 and infests Cropland. Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to imazaquin and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Nov 21, 2000 )
Common Name	Prickly Sida
Species	Sida spinosa
Group	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Herbicides	imazaquin
Location	United States, Georgia
Year	1993
Situation(s)	Cropland
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	David Bridges
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

David Bridges

ALS-Inhibitor Resistance Working Group (AIRWG) Meeting Minutes

The ALS/AHAS-Inhibitor Herbicide Resistance Working Group (AIRWG) Meeting held in St. Louis, Missouri, on September 15th and 16th, 1993, was attended by 12 academics and 17 technical representatives from industry. The first day of the meeting included reports from academics followed by brainstorming sessions on how to deal with short- and long term resistance management.

Academic Session, September 15, 1993

Reports of resistant weeds in Georgia

ALS-inhibitor resistant prickly sida (Sida spinosa); also known as teaweed
DNA-resistant goosegrass (Eleusine indica), especially on golf courses; may also be less sensitive to dithiopyr
ACCase-inhibitor resistant annual ryegrass (Lolium sp.) and Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense); ryegrass was selected on the GA Experimental Station
MSMA-resistant cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium); not spreading; only seen in continuous cotton
2,4-D-resistant cocklebur claimed but NOT documented; Bridges et al. will investigate this winter
Paraquat-resistant coffee senna (Cassia occidentalis)

Greatest concern is the possibility of ALS-inhibitor resistance in Johnsongrass, especially in no-till corn where nicrosulfuron or primisulfuron are used every year. Believes that resistance is manageable on an on-farm basis, in contrast with western U.S. where large regions are infested with resistance. The RWM (resistance weed management) strategy proposed is to minimize exposure to selection pressure.

Perceived problems for RWM by academics:

Limiting the use (and therefore the selection pressure) of a product that is cheap, effective, and easy to use
Hard to implement the cleaning up of escapes with glyphosate
No action taken until problem occurs
Recommendations between university extension and industry are not the same - key to effective management is to have the same recommendations

Believes that all RWM strategies must reduce selection pressure: Are crop rotations useful? Are tank mixtures useful?

Dr. David Bridges, University of Georgia

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GENERAL

A letter from industry. August 22, 1995. American Cyanamid Company. Confirmation by Wendy Blair.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Prickly Sida biotype with this Prickly Sida biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 2 resistant Prickly Sida have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 2 (Legacy B) resistant Prickly Sida from Georgia please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

DAVID BRIDGES

President Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College 2802 Moore Highway Tifton, 31793, Georgia United States Email David Bridges Web : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Georgia have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to David Bridges for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Prickly Sida Globally
(Sida spinosa)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

United States (Georgia)

1993

Cropland

imazaquin

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Parker, R. G. ; York, A. C. ; Jordan, D. L.. 2006. Weed control in glyphosate-resistant corn as affected by preemergence herbicide and timing of postemergence herbicide application. Weed Technology 20 : 564 - 570.

Field studies were conducted at three locations in North Carolina, USA, during both 2002 and 2003 to evaluate weed control and response of glyphosate-resistant (GR) maize (Zea mays) to glyphosate or nicosulfuron plus atrazine applied POST at three application timings with and without alachlor plus atrazine applied PRE. The POST herbicides were applied timely (5- to 9-cm weeds) or applications were delayed one or two weeks. All treatments, except the weedy control, were followed by glyphosate postemergence-directed (PDIR) 4 weeks after the timely POST application. Common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri), prickly sida (Sida spinosa), and smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) were controlled at least 94% regardless of PRE or POST treatments. Large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) and fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum) were controlled at least 96% by glyphosate regardless of PRE herbicide or POST application timing. In contrast, control by nicosulfuron plus atrazine POST in the absence of PRE herbicide decreased as application was delayed. Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia [Cassia obtusifolia]) was controlled at least 94% when POST herbicides were applied timely, but control by both POST herbicide treatments decreased with delayed application regardless of PRE herbicide. Tall morningglory (Ipomoea purpurea [Pharbitis purpurea]) was controlled 93% or greater by POST herbicides applied timely. Control by both POST herbicide treatments decreased as application was delayed, with glyphosate being affected more by timing than nicosulfuron plus atrazine. Maize grain yield was similar with glyphosate and nicosulfuron plus atrazine. Yield was unaffected by POST application timing when PRE herbicides were included. Without PRE herbicide, grain yield decreased as POST herbicide application was delayed..

Thomas, W. E. ; Britton, T. T. ; Clewis, S. B. ; Askew, S. D. ; Wilcut, J. W.. 2006. Glyphosate-resistant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) response and weed management with trifloxysulfuron, glyphosate, prometryn, and MSMA. Weed Technology 20 : 6 - 13.

Field studies were conducted at 3 locations in North Carolina, USA, to evaluate glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton response, weed control and cotton lint yields to 2 formulations of glyphosate (diammonium salt-glyphosate and isopropylamine salt-glyphosate) and trifloxysulfuron applied early postemergence (EPOST) alone or to tank mixtures of trifloxysulfuron with each glyphosate formulation, with and without a late postemergence-directed (LAYBY) treatment of prometryn plus MSMA. Trifloxysulfuron and both formulations of glyphosate controlled common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) and pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa). Both glyphosate formulations provided equivalent control of common lambsquarters, goosegrass (Eleusine indica), pitted morningglory, prickly sida (Sida spinosa) and smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus). Trifloxysulfuron controlled smooth pigweed better than either glyphosate formulation but did not control goosegrass or prickly sida. Prometryn plus MSMA LAYBY improved late-season control of common lambsquarters, goosegrass, large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) and pitted morningglory for all EPOST systems and improved late-season smooth pigweed control for EPOST systems that did not include trifloxysulfuron. Cotton injury was 2% or less from both glyphosate formulations, while trifloxysulfuron injured the cotton cultivar Deltapine 5415RR by 7 to 16% at 2 locations. At a third location, trifloxysulfuron injured the cotton cultivar Paymaster 1218RR/BG by 24% and when applied in mixture with either glyphosate formulation, injury increased to approximately 72%. Cotton injury was transient at the first 2 locations and was not visually apparent 3 to 5 weeks later. Cotton yield at the third location was reduced. High cotton yields reflected high levels of weed control..

Paulsgrove, M. D. ; Barker, W. L. ; Wilcut, J. W.. 2005. Bromoxynil-resistant cotton and selected weed response to mixtures of bromoxynil and pyrithiobac. Weed Technology 19 : 753 - 761.

An experiment was conducted at four locations in North Carolina, USA, in 1996 and 1997 to evaluate weed control and cotton response in conventional-tillage bromoxynil-resistant cotton. Weed management systems evaluated included a factorial arrangement of bromoxynil postemergence (POST) at 0, 0.28, 0.42, or 0.56 kg/ha in mixture with pyrithiobac POST at 0, 0.018, 0.032, or 0.072 kg/ha. Additional treatments evaluated included trifluralin preplant-incorporated (PPI) plus fluometuron preemergence (PRE). All systems received a postemergence-directed (PDS) treatment of fluometuron plus MSMA. Bromoxynil at 0.42 kg/ha POST followed by (fb) fluometuron plus MSMA PDS controlled common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), eclipta (Eclipta prostrata), prickly sida (Sida spinosa), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), spurred anoda (Anoda cristata); and entireleaf (Ipomoea hederacea [Pharbitis hederacea] var. integriuscula), ivyleaf (Ipomoea hederacea), pitted (Ipomoea lacunosa), and tall morningglory (Ipomoea purpurea) at least 93%, whereas smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) and volunteer groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) were controlled 73 and 86%, respectively. Pyrithiobac at 0.036 kg/ha POST fb fluometuron plus MSMA PDS controlled eclipta, common ragweed, prickly sida, redroot, and smooth pigweed, and spurred anoda at least 94%. Volunteer groundnut was controlled 84% by pyrithiobac at 0.032 kg/ha, whereas pitted, ivyleaf, and entireleaf morningglory were controlled by 63, 78, and 83%, respectively. Pyrithiobac at 0.072 kg/ha fb fluometuron plus MSMA PDS controlled common lambsquarters 48%. Cotton yield with bromoxynil plus pyrithiobac POST mixtures were equivalent to trifluralin PPI plus fluometuron PRE at three locations and better at the fourth location. Bromoxynil-resistant cotton '47' and '57' had excellent tolerance to all POST herbicide treatments..

Branson, J. W. ; Smith, K. L. ; Barrentine, J. L.. 2005. Comparison of trifloxysulfuron and pyrithiobac in glyphosate-resistant and bromoxynil-resistant cotton. Weed Technology 19 : 404 - 410.

Field studies were conducted in 2000 and 2001 at Rohwer, Arkansas, USA. Trifloxysulfuron (5.3 and 8 g/ha) and pyrithiobac (70 g/ha) were applied by preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) broadcast at the two- to three-leaf (EP) and three- to four-leaf (MP) cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) growth stages. Both materials were also applied POST in combination with glyphosate at 560 g/ha or bromoxynil at 560 g/ha at both growth stages. Trifloxysulfuron applied EP or MP at 8 g/ha provided greater control of sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia [Cassia obtusifolia]) and pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa) 28 days after application (DAA) than trifloxysulfuron at 5.3 g/ha or pyrithiobac at 70 g/ha; however, control of prickly sida (Sida spinosa) was greater with pyrithiobac than with trifloxysulfuron at either rate. Glyphosate alone controlled sicklepod, prickly sida, and pitted morningglory greater than 80%. The addition of trifloxysulfuron at 8 g/ha and pyrithiobac at 70 g/ha increased control of all species over glyphosate alone 28 DAA. Bromoxynil at 560 g/ha controlled pitted morningglory and hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata) at all application timings; however, sicklepod and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) control was less than 50% with bromoxynil applied alone. When bromoxynil was applied in combination with trifloxysulfuron at either rate, control of sicklepod and Palmer amaranth increased to 80% or greater at all application timings. Trifloxysulfuron has the potential to complement both the glyphosate-resistant and bromoxynil-resistant weed control programmes by providing control of less susceptible weeds and by providing residual control to both programmes..

Burke, I. C. ; Troxler, S. C. ; Askew, S. D. ; Wilcut, J. W. ; Smith, W. D.. 2005. Weed management systems in glyphosate-resistant cotton. Weed Technology 19 : 422 - 429.

Studies were conducted at Clayton, Lewiston-Woodville, and Rocky Mount, North Carolina, USA, to evaluate weed and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) response to herbicide systems in glyphosate-resistant cotton in 1995 and 1997. Herbicide systems evaluated included various combinations of soil-applied (trifluralin and fluometuron) and postemergence (POST) (glyphosate or pyrithiobac) herbicides with or without late postemergence-directed (LAYBY) treatments of cyanazine plus MSMA. Glyphosate-resistant cotton injury was less than 5% with all herbicide treatments. Glyphosate POST systems were as efficacious in weed control as other herbicide systems. Depending on the location, glyphosate and pyrithiobac POST systems usually required cyanazine plus MSMA LAYBY for season-long control of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), goosegrass (Eleusine indica), large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa), prickly sida (Sida spinosa), and Texas panicum (Panicum texanum). Glyphosate POST applied as needed provided weed control equivalent to soil-applied plus POST herbicides, although lint yield was slightly reduced depending on the location. Herbicide systems that included soil-applied herbicides required one to two treatments of glyphosate POST and post-directed for season-long weed control and high cotton lint yields, whereas the same herbicide systems without soil-applied herbicides required two to three glyphosate treatments. In all herbicide systems, a residual soil-applied or LAYBY herbicide treatment increased yield compared with glyphosate POST only systems. Location influenced weed control and cotton yield. Generally, as herbicide inputs increased, yield increased..

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