<b>HRAC Group 2</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy B) </font> resistant Cyperus esculentus from Italy

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 2 (LEGACY B) RESISTANT YELLOW NUTSEDGE
(Cyperus esculentus)

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Italy, Northern Italy, Piedmont region, Vercelli

INTRODUCTION		YELLOW NUTSEDGE
Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) is a monocot weed in the Cyperaceae family. In Italy this weed first evolved resistance to Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides in 2017 and infests Rice. Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to azimsulfuron, and halosulfuron-methyl and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Mar 08, 2023 )
Common Name	Yellow Nutsedge
Species	Cyperus esculentus
Group	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Herbicides	azimsulfuron, and halosulfuron-methyl
Location	Italy, Northern Italy, Piedmont region, Vercelli
Year	2017
Situation(s)	Rice
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Maurizio Sattin, and Laura Scarabel
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Laura Scarabel

This article is available online at https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10081133

Scarabel L., Farinati S., Sattin M. Occurrence of resistance to ALS inhibitors in European Cyperus esculentus L.: characterisation and implications for management. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1133.

Abstract

Yellow nutsedge (C. esculentus) is a perennial geophyte and invasive weed which is very difficult to control in rice and other irrigated row crops. Acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors are the most commonly used herbicides to control sedges in rice. Failure to control C. esculentus was recently reported in a rice field in north-western Italy. The resistance status of this C. esculentus population was determined through a whole-plant bioassay. The mechanism underlying the resistance was elucidated, and the available chemical and non-chemical control options were discussed. The population proved to be resistant to halosulfuron and azimsulfuron at the recommended field rate. The ALS trancripts amplified from resistant and susceptible plants revealed the presence of a Pro197-to-Arg amino acid substitution in resistant plants, indicating that the resistance mechanism is target-site mediated. This is the first confirmation of herbicide resistance in C. esculentus in Europe. Resistance management should be based on an integrated approach, through the combination of diversified cultural and agronomic practices that can limit its spread and propagation through tubers.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Yellow Nutsedge biotype with this Yellow Nutsedge biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 2 resistant Yellow Nutsedge have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

Studies on the mechanism of resistance of Group 2 (Legacy B) resistant Yellow Nutsedge from Italy indicate that resistance is due to an altered target site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the mechanism of resistance in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 2 (Legacy B) resistant Yellow Nutsedge from Italy please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

MAURIZIO SATTIN

Senior Weed Scientist Italian National Research Council (cnr) IBAF - Weed Science Unit Viale dell'Università 16 Legnaro, 35020, Padova Italy Email Maurizio Sattin

LAURA SCARABEL

Researcher Institute of Agroenvironmental and Forest Biology National Research Council (CNR) viale dell'Università 16 Legnaro (PD), 35020, Padova Italy Email Laura Scarabel

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Italy have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Maurizio Sattin, and Laura Scarabel for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Yellow Nutsedge Globally
(Cyperus esculentus)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Italy

2017

Rice

azimsulfuron, and halosulfuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

United States (Arkansas)

2013

Rice

halosulfuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Tehranchian, P., J. K. Norsworthy, V. Nandula, S. McElroy, S. Chen, and R. C. Scott. 2015. First report of resistance to acetolactate-synthase-inhibiting herbicides in yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculents): confirmation and characterization
. Pest Management Science 71 : 1274 - 1280.

BACKGROUND: Yellow nutsedge is one of the most problematic sedges in Arkansas rice, requiring the frequent use of halosulfuron (sulfonylurea) for its control. In the summer of 2012, halosulfuron at 53 g ha−1 (labeled field rate) failed to control yellow nutsedge. The level of resistance to halosulfuron was determined in the putative resistant biotype, and its cross-resistance to other acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors from four different herbicide families. ALS enzyme assays and analysis of the ALS gene were used to ascertain the resistance mechanism.

RESULTS: None of the resistant plants was killed by halosulfuron at a dose of 13 568 g ha−1 (256× the field dose), indicating a high level of resistance. Based on the whole-plant bioassay, the resistant biotype was not controlled by any of the ALS-inhibiting herbicides (imazamox, imazethapyr, penoxsulam, bispyribac, pyrithiobac-sodium, bensulfuron and halosulfuron) tested at the labeled field rate. The ALS enzyme from the resistant biotype was 2540 times less responsive to halosulfuron than the susceptible biotype, and a Trp574-to-Leu substitution was detected by ALS gene sequencing using the Illumina HiSeq.

CONCLUSION: The results suggest a target-site alteration as the mechanism of resistance in yellow nutsedge, which accounts for the cross-resistance to other ALS-inhibiting herbicide families.

Macrae, A. W. ; Culpepper, A. S. ; Batts, R. B. ; Lewis, K. L.. 2008. Seeded watermelon and weed response to halosulfuron applied preemergence and postemergence. Weed Technology 22 : 86 - 90.

Managing weeds in watermelon is challenging because of the limited availability of herbicides approved for use in this crop. Field experiments on efficacy and crop tolerance were conducted to determine the potential for halosulfuron use in watermelon in Georgia and North Carolina, USA. Halosulfuron was applied PRE, early POST (EPOST; one-leaf watermelon), and late POST (LPOST; watermelon with 30-cm runners) at 26, 39, and 52 g a.i./ha. Under weed-free conditions, PRE treatments did not injure watermelon. EPOST and LPOST treatments caused 45 and 34% injury at 2 weeks after treatment, respectively, averaged over halosulfuron rate. EPOST treatments reduced watermelon fruit number and total weight by 15 and 22%, respectively, and LPOST treatments reduced total fruit weight by 12%. Halosulfuron PRE at 39 or 52 g/ha provided 94% or greater control of carpetweed (Mollugo verticillata), Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri), and smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus). EPOST treatments controlled 84 and 88% of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) and smooth pigweed, respectively, but LPOST treatments controlled less than 83% of all weed species. Sequential applications of halosulfuron at 26 g/ha PRE and 26 g/ha LPOST controlled 89 to 99% of carpetweed, coffee senna (Senna occidentalis), Palmer amaranth, smooth pigweed, and yellow nutsedge. Our data suggest growers can effectively use halosulfuron PRE in seeded watermelon. However, POST applications should be made only after watermelon has 30 cm runners and as a salvage spot treatment where previous weed control strategies have failed to provide adequate control..

Clewis, S. B. ; Wilcut, J. W. ; Porterfield, D.. 2006. Weed management with S-metolachlor and glyphosate mixtures in glyphosate-resistant strip- and conventional-tillage cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Weed Technology 20 : 232 - 241.

Field studies were conducted at Clayton, Rocky Mount and Lewiston-Woodville, North Carolina, USA, in 2001 and 2002, to evaluate weed management, crop tolerance and yield in strip- and conventional-tillage glyphosate-resistant cotton. Cotton was treated with 2 glyphosate formulations, i.e. glyphosate-IP (isopropylamine salt) or glyphosate-TM (trimethylsulfonium salt) at early postemergence (EPOST) alone or in a mixture with S-metolachlor. Early season cotton injury was minimal (3%) with either glyphosate formulation alone or in mixture with S-metolachlor. Weed control and cotton yields were similar for both glyphosate formulations. The addition of S-metolachlor to either glyphosate formulation increased control of broadleaf signalgrass (Urochloa platyphylla), goosegrass (Eleusine indica), large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) and yellow foxtail (Setaria pumila) at 14 to 43% compared to the control by glyphosate alone. S-metolachlor was not beneficial for late-season control of entire leaf morningglory (Pharbitis hederacea), jimsonweed (Datura stramonium), pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa) or yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus). The addition of S-metolachlor to either glyphosate formulation increased control of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri), smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) and velvet leaf (Abutilon theophrasti) at 6 to 46%. The addition of a late postemergence-directed (LAYBY) treatment of prometryn plus MSMA increased control to greater than 95% for all weed species regardless of EPOST treatment, and control was similar with or without S-metolachlor EPOST. Cotton lint yield was increased 220 kg/ha with the addition of S-metolachlor to either glyphosate formulation compared to yield from glyphosate alone. The addition of the LAYBY treatment increased yields by 250 and 380 kg/ha for glyphosate plus S-metolachlor and glyphosate systems, respectively. S-metolachlor residual activity allowed for an extended window for more effective LAYBY application to smaller weed seedlings instead of weeds that were possibly larger and harder to control..

Richardson, R. J. ; Zandstra, B. H.. 2006. Evaluation of flumioxazin and other herbicides for weed control in gladiolus. Weed Technology 20 : 394 - 398.

Two studies were conducted near Bronson, Michigan, USA, to determine gladiolus (Gladiolus sp.) tolerance and weed control with flumioxazin and other herbicide treatments. The first study was conducted in 2002, 2003 and 2004 to evaluate weed control and gladiolus injury with flumioxazin and 14 other pre-emergence treatments. Crop injury over the 3-year period was less than 6% and was considered commercially acceptable with flumioxazin, linuron, oryzalin, pendimethalin, prometryn, S-metolachlor and sulfentrazone. Gladiolus stand count, height, and flower count were similar to those of the nontreated control with these treatments. Clomazone, halosulfuron, imazamox, imazapic, mesotrione, oxyfluorfen, rimsulfuron, and trifloxysulfuron resulted in unacceptable crop injury. Of the acceptable treatments, only flumioxazin controlled (at least 68%) common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) and foxtail species (Setaria faberi and S. viridis var. robusta-purpurea). The second study was conducted in 2003 and 2004. Flumioxazin was evaluated at 4 rates, in mixtures with S-metolachlor and oryzalin, and in comparison with isoxaben plus oryzalin. Gladiolus injury did not exceed 6%. Common ragweed, annual grass (Digitaria sanguinalis and Eragrostis cilianensis), and yellow nutsedge control were at least 63% with all flumioxazin treatments..

Norsworthy, J. K. ; Meehan, J. T., IV. 2005. Use of isothiocyanates for suppression of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri), pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa), and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus). Weed Science 53 : 884 - 890.

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the herbicidal activity of five aliphatic (ethyl, propyl, butyl, allyl, and 3-methylthiopropyl) and three aromatic (phenyl, benzyl, and 2-phenylethyl) isothiocyanates (ITCs) on Palmer amaranth (A. palmeri), pitted morningglory (I. lacunosa) and yellow nutsedge (C. esculentus). All ITCs were applied to soil at 0, 10, 100, 1000 and 10 000 nmol g^-1 of soil and incorporated. All ITCs had a deleterious effect on Palmer amaranth and pitted morningglory emergence. LC₅₀ values for Palmer amaranth emergence inhibition from aliphatic and aromatic ITCs ranged from a low of 32 nmol g^-1 of soil for phenyl ITC to a high of 941 nmol g^-1 of soil for propyl ITC. Pitted morningglory was slightly more tolerant than Palmer amaranth to each of the ITCs, with LC₅₀ values for emergence ranging from 347 to 2855 nmol g^-1 of soil for 3-methylthiopropyl and butyl ITC, respectively. Yellow nutsedge was the most tolerant of the three species, with LC₅₀ values for ethyl, butyl, benzyl, and 2-phenylethyl being greater than the highest concentration of 10 000 nmol g^-1 of soil. Phenyl and 3-methylthiopropyl at 10 000 nmol g^-1 of soil were the most effective ITCs against yellow nutsedge, reducing emergence by 92%. Effectiveness of the ITCs varied across structure and species, but 3-methylthiopropyl and phenyl ITC were generally the most efficacious for the three species..

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