<b>HRAC Group 5</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy C1 C2) </font> resistant Leptochloa chinensis from Malaysia

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 5 (LEGACY C1 C2) RESISTANT CHINESE SPRANGLETOP
(Leptochloa chinensis)

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Malaysia, Kelantan

INTRODUCTION		CHINESE SPRANGLETOP
Chinese Sprangletop (Leptochloa chinensis) is a monocot weed in the Poaceae family. In Malaysia this weed first evolved resistance to Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides in 2006 and infests Rice. Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides are known as PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (Inhbition of Photosynthesis at PSll - Serine 264 Binders ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to propanil and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Jan 20, 2015 )
Common Name	Chinese Sprangletop
Species	Leptochloa chinensis
Group	PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
Herbicides	propanil
Location	Malaysia, Kelantan
Year	2006
Situation(s)	Rice
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Chuah Tse-Seng
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Chuah Tse-Seng

Chuah TS, Hartini M, Adzemi MA, Ismail BS (2006b) Propanil resistance of Leptochloa chinensis growing at paddy fields in Kelantan. Malaysian Applied Biology 35, 1–5

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GENERAL

Chuah Tse-Seng

B. SAHID, JULIANA KARSO, TSE-SENG CHUAH, 2011. Resistance mechanism of Leptochloa chinensis Nees to propanil. Weed Biology and Management, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 57-63

The resistance mechanism of Leptochloa chinensis Nees to propanil was investigated, based on propanil metabolism, aryl acylamidase activity, and chlorophyll fluorescence at the 8 week growth stage of L. chinensis.The concentration of propanil in the leaf and culm extracts of the resistant (R) and susceptible (S) biotypes, as measured by gas chromatography (GC),was found to increase after propanil treatment.The concentration of propanil in the leaf and culm extracts of the S biotype at 72 h was 1.55 and 0.49 mg mL-1, respectively. However, a lower concentration of propanil was observed in the R biotype, as compared to that in the S biotype. The residue of 3,4-dichloroaniline, as measured by GC, was detected only in the leaf extracts of the R biotype. In contrast, no residue of 3,4-dichloroaniline was observed in the S biotype. The level of aryl acylamidase in the leaf tissue extracts of the R biotype was ~140% higher than that in the S biotype. The fluorescence studies showed that propanil inhibited the quantum efficiency of the photosystem II in both the R and S biotypes after 2 h of incubation time. However, when the leaf disks were transferred and incubated in deionized water for 48 h, the quantum efficiency increased in the R biotype but decreased in the S biotype. These results suggest that propanil metabolism, enhanced by aryl acylamidase activity, is the most likely factor contributing towards the mechanism of propanil resistance in L. chinensis plants at the 8 week growth stage.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Chinese Sprangletop biotype with this Chinese Sprangletop biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 5 resistant Chinese Sprangletop have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) resistant Chinese Sprangletop from Malaysia please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

CHUAH TSE-SENG

Lecturer Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Department Of Agrotechnology Faculty Of Agrotechnology & Food Science Kuala Terengganu, 21030, Terengganu Malaysia Email Chuah Tse-Seng

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Malaysia have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Chuah Tse-Seng for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Chinese Sprangletop Globally
(Leptochloa chinensis)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

China

2011

Rice

cyhalofop-butyl

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)

China

2023

Rice

tripyrasulfone

Inhibition of Hydroxyphenyl Pyruvate Dioxygenase ( HRAC Group 27 (Legacy F2)

Malaysia

2006

Rice

propanil

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

South Korea

2012

Rice

cyhalofop-butyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, and metamifop

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)

Thailand

2002

Rice

fenoxaprop-ethyl, profoxydim, and quizalofop-ethyl

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Ismail, B. S. ; Juliana, B. K. ; Chuah, T. S.. 2013. Propanil resistance in sprangletop (Leptochloa chinensis [L.] Nees) caused by enhanced propanil detoxification. Pakistan Journal of Botany 45 : 2111 - 2117.

The current study was conducted to elucidate the resistance mechanism of Leptochloa chinensis by comparing the difference in metabolism, aryl acylamidase activity, and chlorophyll fluorescence between the propanil-resistant (R) and the propanil-susceptible (S) biotypes of L. chinensis, using 4-week old seedlings. The concentration of propanil in the leaf and culm extracts of the R and S biotypes was found to increase after propanil treatment. The concentration of propanil in the leaf and culm extracts of the S biotype at 48 h was 12.23 and 5.49 µg mL^-1, respectively. However, a lower concentration of propanil was observed in the R biotype, compared to that in the S biotype. No residue of 3, 4-dichloroaniline was observed in the S biotype. In contrast the residue of 3, 4-dichloroaniline was detected in the leaf and culm extracts of the R biotype. The level of aryl acylamidase in the leaf tissue extracts of the R biotype was ~211% higher than that in the S biotype. The fluorescence studies showed that propanil inhibited the quantum efficiency of photosystem II in both the R and S biotypes after 2 h of incubation. However, when the leaf discs were transferred and incubated in deionized water for 48 h, the quantum efficiency increased in the R biotype but decreased in the S biotype. The results of the study suggest that propanil metabolism, enhanced by aryl acylamidase activity, is the most likely factor conferring the mechanism of propanil resistance in L. chinensis plants at the 4-week growth stage..

Rahman, M. M. ; Ismail, S. ; Sofian-Azirun, M.. 2011. Identification of resistant biotypes of Leptochloa chinensis in rice field and their control with herbicides. African Journal of Biotechnology 10 : 2904 - 2914.

Weed populations of sprangletop (Leptochloa chinensis) such as Kampung Permetang (KP), Kampung Pida-Tiga (KPT), Sungai Baru (SB1 and SB2), Kampung Pida-Empat (KPE), Singkir Yan (SY), Tanjung Dawai (TD), Dulang Besar (DB) and Kampung Bahagia (KB1 and KB2) were collected from paddy (Oryza sp.) growing areas in Kedah, Malaysia to identify resistant biotypes and their method of control. Weed biotypes were evaluated against all varying rates of propanil, quinclorac and cyhalofop-butyl. Except SY, all weed populations showed resistance against propanil at the rate of 5500 ml a.i. ha^-1, on the contrary all weed populations appeared as susceptible against higher rates of propanil (11000 ml a.i. ha^-1) except SB2 and KB1. All populations except KP and SB1 were resistant against cyhalofop-butyl at rates of 800 and 1600 ml a.i. ha^-1. Kampung Bahagia (KB2) against cyhalofop-butyl at rates of 800 and 1600 ml a.i. ha^-1 appeared as resistant and susceptible, respectively. Resistant biotypes were two times strongly resistant to propanil while one time strongly resistant to cyhalofop-butyl, respectively, than susceptible biotypes. Regardless of rates, quinclorac was ineffective against any of the biotypes. Resistant biotype SB2 was controlled by combined application of propanil and cyhalofop-butyl at rates of 5500 and 800 ml a.i. ha^-1..

Pornprom, T. ; Mahatamnuchoke, P. ; Usui, K.. 2006. The role of altered acetyl-CoA carboxylase in conferring resistance to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl in Chinese sprangletop (Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees). Pest Management Science 62 : 1109 - 1115.

From paddy field observations in 2002 and 2004, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl resistance in Chinese sprangletop (Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees) has been studied using information collected from 11 sites in the Saphan-Sung district of Bangkok, Thailand. The resistant Chinese sprangletop was found in nine rice fields, whereas the susceptible Chinese sprangletop was found in only two rice fields. In greenhouse experiments, both fenoxaprop-P-ethyl-resistant and susceptible Chinese sprangletop from the same location were investigated for 50% growth reduction based on phytotoxicity, plant height and fresh and dry weight. The resistant Chinese sprangletop showed apparent resistance at 14-21 days after herbicide application at a rate of 21.1-337.6 g AI ha^-1. The resistance index of resistant Chinese sprangletop was 10-25 times higher than that of the susceptible Chinese sprangletop. In addition, Chinese sprangletop did not exhibit multiple resistance to oxadiazon, propanil and quinclorac. According to acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) assays, the level of ACCase specific activity in the resistant Chinese sprangletop was significantly higher than that in the susceptible Chinese sprangletop. Similarly, the ACCase activity of the resistant Chinese sprangletop was 10 times less sensitive to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl than that of the susceptible Chinese sprangletop, based on the I₅₀ values. The present study of the mechanism responsible for resistance in the biotypes investigated indicated that there was a close association between the concentration-response at the whole-plant level and ACCase sensitivity to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, and resistance to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl was conferred by a modified ACCase at the target site, as suggested by higher specific activity and less sensitivity to the herbicide..

Maneechote, C. ; Samanwong, S. ; Zhang XiaoQi ; Powles, S. B.. 2005. Resistance to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides in sprangletop (Leptochloa chinensis). Weed Science 53 : 290 - 295.

This study reports evolved resistance to fenoxaprop-P in a population of sprangletop from a rice field in Thailand (BLC1). After eight applications of fenoxaprop-P, the herbicide appeared no longer effective. To confirm herbicide resistance in the BLC1 population, three experiments were conducted. First, glasshouse experiments revealed that the BLC1 population survived 600 g ai ha^-1 of fenoxaprop-P without visual injury. Second, the BLC1 population was treated with fenoxaprop-P and other acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides (quizalofop-P, cyhalofop-butyl, and profoxydim) under field conditions; BLC1 exhibited resistance to all of these herbicides. Third, seeds of susceptible SLC1 and resistant BLC1 were germinated on 0.6% (v/v) agar across a range of herbicide concentrations. The resistant BLC1 population exhibited 61-, 44-, 9- and 8-fold resistance to fenoxaprop-P, cyhalofop, quizalofop-P, and profoxydim, respectively, compared with a susceptible SLC1 population. At the enzyme level, ACCase from the resistant BLC1 exhibited 30, 24, 11, 4, and 5 times resistance to fenoxaprop, cyhalofop-butyl, haloxyfop, clethodim, and cycloxydim, respectively. The spectrum of resistance at the whole plant level correlated well with resistance at the ACCase level. Hence, the mechanism of resistance to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides in this biotype of sprangletop is a herbicide-resistant ACCase. The specific mutation(s) of the ACCase gene that endows resistance in this population remains to be investigated..

Itoh, K.. 1994. Weed ecology and its control in south-east tropical countries. Japanese Journal of Tropical Agriculture 38 : 369 - 373.

For over 20 years, repeated use of the same herbicides has resulted in paraquat resistant biotypes of Crassocephalum crepidioides, Solanum nigrum, Conyza sumatrensis and Amaranthus lividis in plantations, and 2,4-D resistant biotypes of Sphenoclea zeylanica and Fimbristylis miliacea in rice fields in South-East Asia. In irrigated rice areas, rapid changes from transplanting to direct sowing methods have been motivated by the introduction of effective herbicides and combine harvester technology, development of short culm and early maturing rice cultivars, and high labour cost of transplanting. Changes in the rice planting method has caused shifts in weed populations and flora, with large increases being noted for grassy weeds such as the Echinochloa crus-galli complex, Ischaemum rugosum, Leptochloa chinensis and weedy rice. Effective weed control through integrated weed management, involving ecological and biological control, are discussed..

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