MULTIPLE RESISTANT SAWAH FLOWERING RUSH
(Limnocharis flava)

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

Malaysia

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INTRODUCTION SAWAH FLOWERING RUSH Sawah Flowering Rush (Limnocharis flava) is a monocot weed in the Limnocharitaceae family.  In Malaysia this weed first evolved multiple resistance (to 2 herbicide sites of action) in 1998 and infests Rice.  Multiple resistance has evolved to herbicides in the Groups 2 (Legacy B), and Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O).  These particular biotypes are known to have resistance to 2,4-D, and bensulfuron-methyl and they may be cross-resistant to other herbicides in the Groups 2 (Legacy B), and Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O). The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Sep 15, 2000 ) Common Name Sawah Flowering Rush Species Limnocharis flava Group Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B) Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O) Herbicides 2,4-D, and bensulfuron-methyl Location Malaysia Year 1998 Situation(s) Rice Contributors - (Alphabetically) M. Azmi  Edit this Case  |  Add New Case of Resistance  |  Add Note

NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE AREAS FOUND M. Azmi Seberang Perai and Seberang Perak rice areas Edit this Note  |  Add New Note   GENERAL M. Azmi Nakayama, S. Azmi, M. and Ruslan, A. G. (1999). Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau resistant to 2,4-D and bensulfuron methyl. In The Management of Biotic Agents in Direct Seeded Rice in Malaysia. MARDI/MADA/JIRCAS Study Report. pp. 129-140. Paku rawan = Malay name of Limnocharis flava. Edit this Note  |  Add New Note

ACADEMIC ASPECTS Confirmation Tests Field, and Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Sawah Flowering Rush biotype with this Sawah Flowering Rush biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.   Genetics Genetic studies on HRAC Group 2, 4 resistant Sawah Flowering Rush have not been reported to the site.  There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature   Mechanism of Resistance The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database.  If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.   Relative Fitness There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes.  If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of multiple resistant Sawah Flowering Rush from Malaysia please update the database.   Edit Case  |  Add Note  |  Add Article  |  Add New Case  |  Help

CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS M. AZMI Malaysian Agricultural Rice Research Institute 108 Sirius Place Bertam Kepala Betas, 13200, Penang Malaysia

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Malaysia have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to M. Azmi for providing detailed information.

Herbicide Resistant Sawah Flowering Rush Globally (Limnocharis flava) Herbicide Resistant Sawah Flowering Rush Globally (Limnocharis flava) Drag a column header and drop it here to group by that column Herbicide Resistant Sawah Flowering Rush Globally (Limnocharis flava) # Country Country StateName FirstYear Situation Active Ingredients CountryID Site of Action WeedID Species CommonName ResistID 1 Indonesia Indonesia   1995 Rice 2,4-D 22 Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O) 104 Limnocharis flava Sawah Flowering Rush 93 2 Malaysia Malaysia   1998 Rice 2,4-D, and bensulfuron-methyl 28 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B) Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O) 104 Limnocharis flava Sawah Flowering Rush 1131

Literature about Similar Cases

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Abdul Shukor Juraimi ; Mahfuza Begum ; Md. Parvez Anwar ; Erwan Shah Shari ; Ismail Sahid ; Azmi Man. 2012. Controlling resistant Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau biotype through herbicide mixture. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment 10 : 1344 - 1348.

Limnocaris flava (L.) Buchenau (yellow bur head) is an aggressive broadleaf weed in lowland rice ecosystem. Resistance of L. flava to herbicides like synthetic auxins and acetolactate-synthase inhibitor has been reported in Malaysia. The study was, therefore, conducted to reconfirm the resistance of L. flava to bensulfuron-methyl and 2,4-D, and subsequently to determine the efficacy of herbicide mixtures in controlling the resistant biotype of L. flava. For screening out the resistant biotype, different rates up to 16 times higher than recommended doses of bensulfuron methyl and 2,4-D were applied. To control resistant biotype, different rates of bensulfuron methyl and bentazon-sodium/MCPA dimethyl in single or in combinations were tried against five week-old resistant biotype of L. flava. Results showed that resistant L. flava biotype tolerated up to 4 times higher than recommended doses of bensulfuron methyl and 2,4-D. Bentazon-sodium/MCPA dimethyl alone effectively controlled resistant biotype of L. flava at the recommended rate (0.74 kg a.i/ha), while bensulfuron-methyl alone failed to control resistant biotype of L. flava even at double the recommended rate. Among the different tank-mix combinations of bensulfuron methyl and bentazon-sodium/MCPA dimethyl, three antagonistic and six additive joint actions were observed..

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